Jivitputrika Vrat: A Mother's Sacred Pledge for Her Child's Well-being

Jivitputrika Vrat, also known as Jitiya, is a significant Hindu festival observed predominantly in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Nepal. Celebrated annually during the Krishna Paksha Ashtami of the Ashwin month (typically in September or October), this three-day festival is a profound expression of a mother's unwavering devotion and love for her children. Mothers undertake rigorous fasting and perform various rituals, praying for the longevity, prosperity, and well-being of their offspring.

The origins of Jivitputrika Vrat are deeply rooted in Hindu mythology, with several legends underscoring the festival's emphasis on maternal devotion and sacrifice.

1. The Tale of King Jimutavahana
One of the most revered stories associated with this vrat is that of King Jimutavahana, a benevolent ruler of the Gandharvas. Renouncing his kingdom to care for his ailing father, Jimutavahana once encountered a grieving Nag (serpent) mother whose son was destined to be sacrificed to Garuda, the eagle deity. Moved by her plight, Jimutavahana offered himself in place of her son. Garuda, impressed by the king's selflessness, spared him and ceased the practice of consuming Nag children. This act of supreme sacrifice is commemorated during Jivitputrika Vrat, symbolizing the lengths to which a mother (or in this case, a father figure) would go for the well-being of her child.

2. The Eagle and the Fox
Another legend speaks of an eagle and a fox who observed women performing the Jivitputrika fast. While the eagle adhered strictly to the fast, the fox succumbed to hunger and ate. Consequently, the eagle's offspring thrived, whereas the fox's progeny did not survive. This story emphasizes the virtues of discipline and devotion associated with the vrat.

Jivitputrika Vrat spans three days, each marked by specific rituals and customs:

1. Nahai-Khai (Purification and Preparation)
On the first day, mothers wake up before dawn, take a ritualistic bath, and consume a single meal prepared without salt or spices. This meal, often comprising rice and vegetables cooked in ghee, is consumed after offering prayers, signifying purification and readiness for the upcoming fast.

2. Khur Jitiya (The Day of Fasting)
The second day is the core of the vrat. Mothers observe a strict Nirjala fast, abstaining from both food and water for 24 hours. Throughout the day, they engage in prayers, listen to the tales of Jimutavahana, and offer worship to deities, especially Lord Vishnu and Lord Surya. In some regions, women tie a sacred thread, known as "Jitiya," on their wrists, symbolizing protection and commitment.

3. Parana (Breaking the Fast)
On the third day, after sunrise and offering prayers to the Sun God, mothers break their fast. Traditional dishes like Noni Saag (a leafy vegetable), Marua Roti (finger millet bread), and Kaddu ki Kheer (pumpkin pudding) are prepared and consumed. The completion of the fast is often accompanied by community gatherings and sharing of food.

While the essence of Jivitputrika Vrat remains consistent, regional practices add unique flavors to its observance:

• Bihar and Uttar Pradesh: In these states, the festival is celebrated with great fervor. Women often gather in groups, singing traditional songs and narrating tales associated with the vrat. The sacred thread "Jitiya" is prominently used, and special emphasis is placed on the rituals of Nahai-Khai and Parana.

• Jharkhand: Here, the festival extends over eight days, starting from the first day of the Ashwin month. Women collect sand from rivers, plant various seeds, and engage in daily rituals leading up to the main fasting day. The celebrations culminate with the immersion of sacred fig branches in rivers and placing flower garlands on their children's necks

• Nepal: Known as "Jitiya" in Nepal, the festival is especially significant among the Tharu community. Women observe the Nirjala fast with utmost devotion, and cultural programs, including singing and dancing, are organized to commemorate the occasion.

In modern times, while the core rituals of Jivitputrika Vrat remain intact, there's a growing inclusivity in its observance. Traditionally focused on the well-being of sons, many mothers now undertake the vrat for the health and prosperity of all their children, irrespective of gender. This shift reflects the evolving societal values and the universal essence of maternal love.

Moreover, the festival serves as a reminder of the deep-rooted cultural traditions that emphasize selflessness, devotion, and the paramount importance of family bonds.